approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Estimates of the number of former slaves The Freedmans Bank records provide easily-accessible information, often identifying multiple generations of family members and even the names of the slave owner and plantations of former slaves. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. Your Privacy Rights WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. Names of slaves were not entered. Later material has a variety of subject headings. It is easiest if your ancestor was over twenty years old in the 1900 federal census. Surname matching of 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire African American slaves had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 or by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. 10 Rolls. The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. WebSlaves names were not recorded in the U.S. Census until after the war, in 1870. The map extends from the first Census in 1790 to the Census taken in 1860 on the eve of the Civil War. Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Privacy Statement African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 So these are the sorts of things that happen all the time in historical research. County? This transcription includes 138 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Edgefield County, In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. almost non-existent. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. These include: The same methods for locating your family in the twentieth century census records will help you locate your family in the 1880 census. The population numbers from the 1860 census are shown below. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State PURPOSE. The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. Use Ask Statista Research Service. U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. Records of Enslaved People | SLNC - NCDCR U.S. I asked them for the story behind the numbers. A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of Slave Schedules, 1850 and 1860: On these separate Slave Schedules for 1850 and 1860, the name of each slave owner is listed with the number of slaves owned, and number of slaves manumitted (if any). History of slavery in West Virginia advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. slaveholders. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. Terms of Use County, the number of slaves they held in the County, the District shown on the enumeration and 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. Overseer, 27 slaves, Harris page 179B ends In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. The chart below shows the numbers of Americans in each census year from 1800 to 1860, along with the total population of enslaved African-Americans in the United States (and in the Confederacy). Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up States that saw significant increases in colored population At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands: These are now indexed and available on Ancestry.com. Federal Records U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners 4,349 Black slaves 574 Mulatto slaves 103 free Blacks Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same No release date given in the source. Annual GDP growth for the United States 1930-2021, Number of executive orders signed by U.S. presidents 1789-2022, Winning margins for votes in U.S. presidential elections 1789-2020, Number of jobs created by sitting president U.S. 1933-2022. The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and D., 50 slaves, Harris page 207, WILLIAMS, Wm. 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Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting enslaved statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Ordinary records. These Maps Reveal How Slavery Expanded Across the United Slavery Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. Historian Steven Deyle estimates "that between 1820 and 1860 at least 875,000 American slaves were forcibly removed from the Upper South to the Lower South." In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. checked also. The proportions of slaves on the islands ranged from more than a third in Cuba, which went into the sugar and gang labour business on a large scale only after the local planters had gained control in 1789, to 90 percent and more on Jamaica in 1730, Antigua in 1775, and Grenada up to 1834. You are the visitor to this page. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. including surname. These records include private, business, and school records. Available on Ancestry.com. *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. Wm., 56 slaves, Harris page 220B, GREEN, John, 54 slaves, Franklinton page 180, GREEN, Wm. In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States." formation of Vance County. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. Uzzle? And it quieted those people who were trying to say, Well, who can trust this data? 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com. 2 Rolls. to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all obtainable The total population included 3,953,762 slaves. before.). States that saw 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); The researcher should keep in mind that many churches in Georgia had both white and black members, and in some cases, slaves and/or freedmen were not allowed to have a separate church body. If an African Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Many of these that date prior to 1900 are available on FamilySearch.org. This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. K., 20 slaves, Harris page 219, EDGERTON, Charles J., 47 slaves, Galloway page 189, FOSTER, Dr. P. Governors Subject Files, 1781-1993, RG 1-1-5: Chronological. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. You only have access to basic statistics. 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. The holders on pages 375B through 427, were shown as in the Saluda Regiment, But Deyle writes that "between 60 and 70 percent of these individuals were transported via the interregional slave trade. Clark County (KY) Enslaved, Free Blacks, and Free Mulattoes, If this is the case, you can use the same method as with the previous censuses to locate your ancestors in 1880. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/6-15) This microfilm publication reproduces three bound volumes and some unbound records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the suppression of the slave trade and the colonization of recaptured and free blacks. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on Finally, the dynamics of the free African American population looked more like the free white population than the slave population. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. Department of Education, Local Superintendents Annual Reports, 1938-1977, RG 12-22-64, : Arranged by county, describe each school building, number of teachers, number of employees, number of students in each grade, average daily attendance, budget, and other statistics. R. Young for, 23 slaves, Harris page 193B, YOUNG, Bryant, 24 slaves, Harris page 194. In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. Following the holder list is a Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including held by Rambo on 481B. being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. Ms. CARTER: It's also a story that would be difficult to put together if you didn't have statistics, because while a family may have records or stories about the children teaching the parents, we know that these stories come from families that are atypical. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. Racially Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at Georgia in 1860 WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Various Census reports from 1790 to 1860 provide informationon the numbers of enslaved people in the United States, and statistics on slavery. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." As the hunger for more farmland stretched west, so too did the demand for enslaved labor. African American Resources H., 49 slaves, Harris page 217B, YARBROUGH, J. S., 83 slaves, Franklinton page 184, YARBROUGH, James H. Owner, James W.? Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. Unless your family was lucky enough to have lived in one of the few counties that survived, you will need to find an alternative means to trace your family. | FORMAT. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder TERMINOLOGY. The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.). (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. No other South Carolina County showed a significant increase. P., 45 slaves, Harris page 208, WILLIAMSON, Tempie? County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts. of that County on which they were listed. Slaves were Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. FORMER SLAVES. In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. . Estimates of the number of former slaves who Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. Use the now-familiar process to attempt to locate your ancestor by name in the 1860 population schedule. The 1860 population was 6,727, according to the U.S. Federal Census, excluding the enslaved. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. 500-999 acres. By 1850 nearly two-thirds of the plantation slaves were engaged in the production of cotton. PLANTATION NAMES. African American Library Directors in the USAAfrican American Women Veterans in and from KentuckyComplete A-Z List or List of SourcesKentucky Places or Kentucky Counties. An In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were not realize that ancestor was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave schedules, because published Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. Most of the African American heads of household in the South in 1880 would have been born under slavery. Statista. To help show the big patterns of American slavery, I have created an interactive map of the spread of slavery. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Edgefield County population included Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. Search our book catalog (GIL). In time the estate owners moved to England, and the sugar plantations were managed by sometimes unstable and unsavoury Europeans who, with the aid of Black overseers and drivers, controlled masses of slaves. and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting Web, Jun 21, 2022 Throughout the history of the transatlantic slave trade, approximately 5.7 million of the 12.5 million African slaves who embarked on slave ships did so in ports Over the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million captured men, women, and children were How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. The 1850 Census was also the first in which all members of a household were listed by name; prior to 1850, only the heads of households named. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. Also available on Ancestry.com. Decd., E. Searls Admr. It is the first census to name all former slaves. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires The total number of slaves in the eastern seaboard states did, however, grow slowly over time, but not at anything like the rate of growth for free people in the North. Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. The actual number of slaveholders may be 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall Some states also produced their own state censuses in the period between the surviving 1880 and 1900 federal censuses. Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data 1860 slaveholder. A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. on page 473B and 103 year old male Lewis, Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. On the other hand, the period immediately following the Civil Warcalled Reconstructionwitnessed the creation of a treasure trove of records containing unique information about African Americans. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County As Abraham Lincoln put it in is 1858 "House Divided" speech: "Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.". slaveholder. idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting Mr. SUTCH: Tuskegee Institute was collecting data back in the 1890s on lynchings in the United States, lynchings, the illegal execution of black people by white mobs. obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, purposes. pages without a stamped number. By D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. U.S. Bureau of the Census: Population Schedules, 1870-1940. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. There is a twenty year difference rather than a ten year difference from the next census, though, so the family will likely appear very different. 5 Rolls. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria been counted in each County. FORMAT. Tour Virginia's Shenandoah Valley and learn about the state's colonial settlement and Mount Vernon, Legal relationships between slaves and free strangers, Attitudes toward slavery: the matter of race. Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866, Change in GDP in the U.S and European countries 1929-1938, United States: historical total unemployment and unemployment rate 1890-1988, Total imports, total exports, and trade balance of the U.S. 1790-1970, United States: annual number of banks and thrifts 1920-1935, United States: value of commercial and savings bank deposits 1920-1940, Dow Jones: average and yearly closing prices 1915-2021, Dow Jones: annual change in closing prices 1915-2021, Great Depression: Dow Jones monthly change over presidential terms 1929-1937, Worst days in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, Best years in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, Worst years in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, S&P 500 performance during major crashes as of August 2020, Change in industrial production in the U.S and European countries 1929-1938, Interwar period: industrialization index in selected European countries 1925-1938, Average weekly earnings in manufacturing industries in the U.S. 1914-1969, Nonagricultural employment in the United States 1900-1943, United States: number of strikes and workers involved 1881-1975, Industrial recovery after the Great Depression in select European countries 1928-1938, Increase in European import tariffs during the Great Depression 1927-1931, Interwar period: manufacturing index in selected American countries 1923-1944, Increase in Europe's agricultural tariffs during the Great Depression 1927-1931, Index of agricultural wages in the United States 1818-1948, Net income of farm operators in the United States 1910-1941, United States: arable crop output 1866-1988, United States: net migration of farm population 1921-1970, Wheat exports of the U.S., Canada, and Argentina 1852-1988, Federal share of relief spending in the U.S. during the Great Depression 1932-1940, Great Depression: annual benefits compared to manufacturing wages U.S. 1933-1940, Present-day countries in the British Empire 1600-2000, People's opinion on the current state of their country's former colonies in 2019, People's opinion on their country hypothetically still having an empire in 2019, Increase in hourly wages in the US during the Spanish Flu Pandemic 1900-1928, Level of pride relating to former empires in select countries in 2019, Which event from the 1970s people would most want to witness firsthand 2013, Share of women at boardroom level in the Philippines 2010-2015, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean islands.
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